Main component in the turbo system

There are five main parts of a turbocharger;

1. turbine housing
   
2. turbine wheel,
3. compressor housing
4. compressor wheel,
   
5. connecting shaft.

The turbo is mounted to the engine by bolting the turbine exhaust inlet to the exhaust manifold.

Exhaust will exits the engine into the manifold, flows into the turbine, and spins the turbine wheel. The turbine wheel is connected to the compressor wheel via a shaft . The spinning compressor wheel then sucks ambient air into the compressor and forces it into the engine via a sealed tube, maximizing air intake. It is called "forced induction". With more air in the cylinder, the engine is able to burn more fuel, making more power.
Some turbo expert can tune fuel intake and timing to extract the most power and efficiency from a turbocharged engine.